Drinking Water
From source water
to a clearer supply.
Rivers, reservoirs and lakes are important sources of drinking water. Typical inlet turbidity in this application is 1–100 NTU, with an outlet target below 1 NTU. Super Cerafilter is designed to deliver filtered-water turbidity below 0.1 NTU.
- Typical inlet turbidity
- 1–100 NTU
- Drinking-water outlet target
- < 1 NTU
- Super Cerafilter outlet
- < 0.1 NTU
Rainfall. Sediment.
Seasonal algae.
Rainfall increases sediment loading and causes rapid fluctuations in suspended solids (SS). Higher summer temperatures can also promote algae growth, adding to the filtration burden.
Conventional coagulation and sedimentation require substantial space. During high-turbidity events, changes in loading and chemical demand can make consistent outlet quality difficult to maintain.
Direct filtration.
Less space. Clearer water.
Super Cerafilter filters suitable raw water directly, without a separate coagulation and sedimentation stage or coagulant dosing. Ceramic membranes retain algae and suspended particles, supporting stable outlet turbidity below 0.1 NTU.
Where taste-and-odour compounds are present, ozonation and biological activated carbon can be integrated for targeted removal. The overall drinking-water treatment train also includes the disinfection and water-quality controls required for the project.
Ceramic filtration.
Algae removal test data.
Reported algae counts for ceramic membrane filtration at three operating pressures and four filtration times.
Ceramic membrane filtration
| Feed water | Pressure MPa | Raw-water algae cells/L | Filtrate algae count · filtration time (min) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | 90 | 180 | 240 | |||
| Low-algae water | 0.1 | 3.9 × 10⁵ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Low-algae water | 0.2 | 5.3 × 10⁵ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Low-algae water | 0.3 | 3.3 × 10⁶ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| High-algae water | 0.1 | 3.5 × 10⁷ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| High-algae water | 0.2 | 2.4 × 10⁷ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| High-algae water | 0.3 | 3.4 × 10⁷ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Algae concentration: cells/L. Data transcribed from the supplied test table. A value of 0 is the reported test result.
Ozonation + biological activated carbon complements ceramic filtration when taste-and-odour compounds are present.
